The geotechnical mapping of Enugu and environs was carried out and relevant field tests were performed in the process. The soils in the project area are derived from four dominant geologic formations- Ajali, Awgu( Agbani Sandstone),and Mamu Formations and the Enugu Shales. Available data from field and laboratory analyses have indicated that the soils derived from Ajali Formation have the lowest allowable bearing capacity (qa) and low to medium permeability; shear strength parameter c and ø of 24.2kN/m2 and 16º respectively. They also have Activity and Liquidity Indices of 0.37 and -0.05 respectively. Other geotechnical data gathered and presented in this report for all four geologic lithologies encountered in the study area include compaction, SPT, direct shear and Atterberg Limits. Geophysical and Soil geochemical data have also been employed to facilitate deductions, conclusions and recommendations presented in this report. Thematic maps indicating areas prone to landslide and inundation have been produced. Landform and permeability as well as slope instability maps for study area have been presented to aid investors and land developers to identify areas suitable for residential, waste disposal and industrial purposes. Both the Activity and the liquidity indices of the clay-size fractions of the soils of the project area indicate that the soils derived from the lithologies are stable, not sensitive and hence not expansive. Causes of cracking and excessive settlement of structures in the study area could be explained through further work aimed at accurate identification of clays sampled at both shallow and deeper depths.

The Upper Cretaceous Bida Basin of central Nigeria is sandwiched between the Precambrian schist belts of the Northern Nigerian Massif and the West African Craton. It extends from Kontangora on its north western margin to Dekina in the southeastern margin where it merges with the Benue Trough. It lies between Longitude 40 and 70 and Latitude 70 and 110. Bida basin has an estimated length of 400km and maximum width of 160km which tapers to less than 60km at Dekina.    18 number of 1:100,000 aeromagnetic sheet maps were digitized in a gridded pattern at an interval of 1.1km and were processed, analyzed and interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to understand the geological configuration and structural trend of the basin. Different total magnetic intensity derivatives were calculated and interpreted to identify major structural trend in the Basin. 1st degree Polynomial fitting method was used separate the regional and residual field, which was later transformed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Both manual and automatic depth estimation methods were used to estimate the depth to basement within the basin. 2D modeling of the residual field was done using GMSYS software package in four profiles.About five regional lineaments were identified across the basin likely to be Romanche Paleofracture zone earlier identified.  Two major E-W trending discontinuities exist in the southern part of the basin. The result from this study also showed that Bida basin is generally shallow (1-1.5km) but from the depth to basement analyses some deep pockets (2.5km -3.75km) were observed at Mokwa, Akerre, Kudu, Kotonkarfi, Auna and Bida areas. It is suggested that either drilling to the basement or seismic refraction be carried out in the above named areas to ascertain the source of deep magnetic sources, carry out stratigraphic study and explore for hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks in this area since it satisfies thermal condition for its production.

A regional gravity survey of Enugu State was carried out in order to produce Bouguer anomaly, Free-air anomaly and the Elevation map of the State for mineral exploration.Acquisition of gravity data as a tool for mineral exploration is useful because gravity differences or anomaly reflect lateral density variation in rocks extending to several kilometres beneath the ground which interpretation reveals information about the subsurface geology.A total of 866 gravity stations were covered in an area of 7, 000km2 which gives a station density of 1 in 8km2 grids. Thirty-six evenly distributed gravity base stations were established across the entire State. These base stations were tied to the International Gravity Standardization Net (IGSN ’71) through the Primary Gravity Network of Nigeria (PGNN).Result of this survey shows a good correlation between the Bouguer anomalies and the surface geology of Enugu State. The map indicate several gravity closures of various shapes and varied lateral extent defining both shallow and deep seated mineralized structures. A linear mineralized structure likely to be a fracture runs from Inyi through Agbani to Enugu and Eha-Amufu. This structure extends further east covering Awgu, Nara, Mpu and into Ebonyi State. Low gravity closures defining large deposit of gas can be observed around Opi and the surrounding towns. Other areas of interest to investors include Umulokpa, Aguobu, Ukpata and Afa characterized by an oval shaped gravity closure.Investors in Lead Zinc, Baryte, Limestone, Gas etc will find the Bouguer anomaly map very useful. They are advice to carry out detail investigation and modeling on some of the more important Bouguer anomalies in order to determine the geometry of the mineral ore before mining. The Free-air anomaly and the Elevation maps are recommended to surveyors and geodesists. Researchers and Investors in mineral resources carrying out gravity survey in Enugu State are recommended to tie their surveys to IGSN ’71 through any of the established base stations in the State; this will greatly reduce errors in gravity surveys.

The geotechnical mapping of Enugu and environs was carried out and relevant field tests were performed in the process.The soils in the project area are derived from four dominant geologic formations- Ajali, Awgu( Agbani Sandstone),and Mamu Formations and the Enugu Shales. Available data from field and laboratory analyses have indicated that the soils derived from Ajali Formation have the lowest allowable bearing capacity (qa) and low to medium permeability; shear strength parameter c and ø of 24.2kN/m2 and 16º respectively. They also have Activity and Liquidity Indices of 0.37 and -0.05 respectively. Other geotechnical data gathered and presented in this report for all four geologic lithologies encountered in the study area include compaction, SPT, direct shear and Atterberg Limits. Geophysical and Soil geochemical data have also been employed to facilitate deductions, conclusions and recommendations presented in this report.Thematic maps indicating areas prone to landslide and inundation have been produced. Landform and permeability as well as slope instability maps for study area have been presented to aid investors and land developers to identify areas suitable for residential, waste disposal and industrial purposes.Both the Activity and the liquidity indices of the clay-size fractions of the soils of the project area indicate that the soils derived from the lithologies are stable, not sensitive and hence not expansive. Causes of cracking and excessive settlement of structures in the study area could be explained through further work aimed at accurate identification of clays sampled at both shallow and deeper depths.

A detailed geophysical survey was carried out at Babbantsauni and Ledi.A regional geological reconnaissance investigation was carried out by McConnell (1949) and identified that Izom Lead/Zinc is the only known considerate Lead/Zinc deposit in Nigeria outside the area covered by cretaceous rocks. The lodes appear to trend in the same direction. He also identified two types of veins (a) veins of hard grassy quartz with pyrite, galena and magnetite in small quantities (b) vein of shattered limonitic quartz containing irregular lenses and bodies of galena which are found in the cretaceous rock of Nigeria.The present investigations aim at targeting the veins of type (b) and delineate areas of the target veins and map out extent of mineralization.The area of investigation is located on Paiko SE Sheet 185SE and Abuja SW Sheet 186SW topographic maps.Babbantsauni site lies between Latitude 09o05’63” and 09o09’70” and Longitude 06o56’52” and 06o57’34”.Ledi site lies between Latitude 09o07’53”and 09o08’34”and Longitude 06o54’00”and 07o00’15”. The area is situated in Gwagwalada Local Government area of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.The area is underlined by Basement rock, mainly Migmatite and low grade Schist belt. The main structural features in the area include the general North-South (N-S) and North East-South West (NE-SW) trending formation.The meandering stream pattern in the survey area is dendritic.The field work commenced on the 11th September, 2006 during the rainy season and ended on 12th November, 2006.Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic method (VLF-EM) method was adopted for carrying out the survey using SCINTREX ENV-VLF unit.Twenty-one (21) traverses of two kilometer length each was run in Babbantsauni and fourteen(14) in Ledi at a whole circle bearing of 315o which is perpendicular to anomaly strike direction.The geophysical data acquisition involved the use of three methods namelya. Electromagnetic method (VLF-EM), using SCINTREX ENVI-VLF unit.b. Electrical resistivity method using ABEM TEREMETER model SAS 300B.c. Gravity method, using WOODEN GRAVIMETER to corroborate VLF-EM result.MAGELLAN eXplorist ® 210 global positioning system (GPS) was used to determine each station position occupied by each method.Two techniques were adopted for processing namelya. Data enhancement techniques (for improve resolution)· Data transformations using the following soft wares.-Filter operator Fraser was used for filtering- Harous-Hjeit soft ware for model-WinGLink integrated Geosystem soft ware for applying various form of filters.-W-GeoSoft/Winsev 5.1 for plotting and modeling of VES data and plotting of resitivity curves.b. Data reduction· Reduction was applied to gravity data using mathematical formulae in MS Excel spread sheet· Using WinGLink for filtering of Gravity data.A double plot of the real and filtered real anomaly curves using Harous-Hjelt filter, highlight the conductive target. The conductive target are located beneath the point were cross over of the real anomaly coincides with positive peak of the filtered real anomaly.About on hundred and nine (109) such target points are identified with location in Babbantsauni and thirty-four (34) in Ledi within an area of 4 KmSq on both sides. Most of anomaly trend NE-SW others trending NW-SE direction and the range of the width of anomaly are between 10m to 130m with highest point located on TR13 with UTM location point 281648.190/1009922.725 (Northing/Easting ).On comparing gravity reduction plot with those of VLF-EM, the high gravity peak response corresponds to filtered real high peak response which is an indication of heavy metallic mineral.The area is highly mineralized and of economic significance. We recommence that pitting should be carried out in two conductive location to confirm the corroboration of VLF-EM/Gravity result in the following location,· In Babbantsauni the positions In UTM (northing easting) values are as follows§ 275299.632 , 1012130.808§ 275419.915 , 1012015.809· In Ledi§ 281648.190 , 1009922.725§ 281566.173, 1010079.265.

A regional gravity survey of Ebonyi State was carried out in order to produce Bouguer anomaly, Free-air anomaly and the Elevation map of the State for mineral exploration.Acquisition of gravity data as a tool for mineral exploration is useful because gravity differences or anomaly reflect lateral density variation in rocks extending to several kilometres beneath the ground which interpretation reveals information about the subsurface geology.A total of 501 gravity stations were covered in an area of 5,530km2 which gives a station density of 1 in 11km2 grids. Twenty-four evenly distributed gravity base stations were established across the entire State. These base stations were tied to the International Gravity Standardization Net (IGSN ’71) of 1971 through the Primary Gravity Network of Nigeria (PGNN).Result of this survey shows a good correlation between the Bouguer anomalies and the surface geology of Ebonyi State. The dominant positive Bouguer anomaly depicts a linear structure that is likely to be a dyke and could be a host for dense mineral deposit. This linear structure trends in the NE/SW direction and stretches from Isu to Abakaliki through Ugbodo and Ndamadu and into Benue State. The Free-air anomaly map has a preferred orientation that is consistent with the general geological setting of the area.Investors in Lead Zinc, Baryte, Limestone, Salt, etc will find the Bouguer anomaly map very useful. They are advice to carry out detail investigation and modeling on some of the more important Bouguer anomalies in order to determine the geometry of the mineral ore before mining. The Free-air anomaly and the Elevation maps are recommended to surveyors and geodesists. Researchers and Investors in mineral resources carrying out gravity survey in Ebonyi State are recommended to tie their surveys to IGSN ’71 through any of the established base stations in the State. This will greatly reduce errors in gravity surveys.

A geophysical investigation of suspected base metal mineralization commenced at Riruwai, in Doguwa Local Government Area of Kano State. The Survey is a ground follow – up to the 1976 airborne magnetic survey with the objective of ground truthing the results of the preliminary interpretation of the airborne survey.Earlier works by Geological survey of Nigeria Published in Bulletin 33 revealed the occurrence of Cassiterite, Wolframite, from the quartz-greisens veins in the biotite – granites, but columbite occurs as a primary accessory constituent in the granite. The heavy mineral residues from the biotite – granites also contain appreciable amounts of thorite, monazite and Zircon. Very Low Frequency-Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and magnetic methods were implored in this survey. The aim of the investigation is to identify structural features or lineaments like faults, joints, veins, sills, contact zones and etc which are host to base metal ores.Correlation between EM and magnetic anomalies could be very attractive because most massive Sulphides, except a few do contain elements of magnetic materials in them e.g. Magnetite and Pyrrhotite.Riruwai is located in Doguwa Local Government Area of Kano State. It is bounded by latitude 10042’13 – 10045’00”N and longitude 8045’00” – 8047’39” E covering an area of 109km2. Riruwai town can be reached by road either on Kaduna – Kano dual carriage way, through Kwanar Dangora Junction or on Kaduna – Jos highway through Unguwar Bawa Junction. The site of the detailed investigation is called Kaffo, located 10km east of Riruwai town.The absence of settlement in Kaffo make the area highly inaccessible, except for minor foot path across steep hills and rivers, there are no motorable road that can lead to the area from Riruwai.The area was described by Jacobson and Macleod in 1977 as a ring complex, which composed of elliptical multiphase granitic massif bodies that intruded into Pan – African basement. It is part of Nigerian younger granite province that comprises mainly of granitoids and volcanic sequence.The basin is completely surrounded by high and rugged hills mainly volcanic rocks. Dutsen Shettu (1,358m) and Ginshi (1,345m) are the highest summits.The drainage pattern is dendritic with River Kano and Kaffo as the main sources of drainage. There are many seasonal rivers running down the hills to the lowland which remain flooded in the rainy season. Riruwai is primarily a mining community. Mechanized mining once flourished in Riruwai but now abandoned.Minerals mined include Cassiterite, Columbite, Wolframite and Sphalerite. Vegetation is of Sudan Savannah type, characterized by shrubs in the relatively flat land to light forest in the valleys and around the hills. Riruwai is characterized by two main climatic seasons – Rainy season (April – October) and dry season from (December – April)The field procedure involves profiling along straight line Traverses approximately normal to the geologic strike. Fifty-one N-S traverses each 2.5km long with a separation of 50m made up the whole area of investigation. Stations were marked at 10m, giving a total of 12,000 stations occupied for each of the method used.Field data normally suffered from geologic and non-geologic noise. These noises were observed as spikes and micro anomalies in the data and therefore needed to be removed and or filtered.Both the EM and magnetic data are presented in form of Profiles and maps. Profiles give location, attitude and depth of target, while maps give information on location, geometry, strike and strike length of target.The Geosystem Winglink software was used to generate both EM and Magnetic maps used for interpretation.From the results and analysis of the models, maps and profiles, it was found out that most mineralized linear features are near surface. Mineralization was identified by anomalies trending in two major directions, the NW-SE and the NE-SW. These anomalous zones could be structurally controlled. The NE-SW features are major. The deeper and probably the oldest linear features are the N-S trends which are not mineralized.Some of the conductors (mineralized bodies) do have sufficient lateral extent, spreading to hundredth of meters in width and are having high amplitude. Drilling is therefore recommended at some locations to serve as a test check to the interpretation. These locations are as follows:1. Traverse 26, station 78.5: Longitude 8° 13′ 38.4107″E, Latitude 10° 43′ 14.3199″N, Striking NW-SE2. Traverse 26, station 225.5:L0ngitude 8° 13′ 38.2967″E, Latitude 10° 42′ 26.2558″N, Striking NW-SE3. Traverse 30.5, station 113.5: Longitude 8° 13′ 23.5069″E, Latitude 10° 43′ 00.6387″N, Striking NW-SE4. Traverse 46, Station 58.5: Longitude 8° 12′ 35.2677″N, Latitude 10° 42′ 50.4679″N, Striking NE-SW

Groundwater is the main source of water for the people of Kaduna and its environs particularly in the rural areas. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of waste dumps on the groundwater of Kaduna and its environs. The study area lies between latitudes 100 26′ to 100 40’N and longitudes 70 19′ to 70 33’E with a total surface area of 630km2. The major town in the study area is Kaduna which is the capital of Kaduna State.The area is underlain by the Crystalline Basement rocks. The dominant rock types are the migmatite-gneiss complex and the Older Granites which intruded the host gneissic rocks. Prolonged in-situ weathering of the Crystalline Basement rocks under tropical conditions has produced a sequence of unconsolidated material (laterites) whose thickness and lateral extent vary extensively. There are three major types of aquifers in the study area namely weathered overburden aquifer, fractured bedrock aquifer and the stream alluvial deposits aquifer. The three aquifers are interconnected and form one hydraulic system with unconfined water table. The depth to water table in hand-dug wells varied from 0.20m to 11.60m in the study area.Eighty-eight (88) hand-dug wells were studied and thirty-four (34) representative water samples were analysed in the laboratory. The results were compared with WHO (2006) and NAFDAC standards for drinking water.Results of physical parameters showed pH ranged from 4.83 to 7.80, electrical conductivity from 20-980µS/cm and TDS from 10-490mg/l. Results of the cations showed Na+ varied from 1.66-221.20mg/l, Ca2+ from 0.23-92.00mg/l, Mg2+ from 0.12-154.00mg/l, K+ from 0.72-71.48mg/l, Fe2+ from 0.02-0.22mg/l and Pb2+ from 0.18-0.95 mg/l. Results of the anions showed Cl- varied from 2.67-176.94 mg/l, SO42- from 1.00-250 mg/l, NO3-from 0.05-55.00mg/l ,CO32- from 4.80-50.40mg/l and HCO3- from 2.40-62.00mg/l. Result of the microbial analysis showed Cfu/ml varied from 80-240. The concentration values of the cations and anions (except Fe2+ and SO42-) exceeded the WHO (2006) and NAFDAC recommended standards for drinking water in some places particularly at Askolaye, Barnawa and Baba Sara. The dominant cation and anion in the groundwater are magnesium and chloride respectively. The water types are Mg-Cl, Ca-Mg-SO4 and Na- K waters.The high concentration of sodium and chloride in the water in some places in the study area could be from contamination by saline effluents or leachates from waste dumps. The relative high concentration of nitrate in the study area could be as a result of pollution from septic tanks and fertilizer.Waste dumps of serious environmental concern were observed at Fire Brigade, Tudun Nupewa, Tudun Wada, Hayin Banki, Ungwan Dossa, and Kawo. Downstream of River Kaduna around the factories at Kakuri is polluted with industrial waste. It is recommended that the factories located in Kaduna South should process their industrial wastes before discharging them into the river. Boreholes should be provided by government in rural areas to reduce groundwater contamination from anthropogenic activities. Also, the water from hand-dug wells in the area should be treated before drinking.